From detail to meaning
Take the line 'the city was a hungry mouth that swallowed the newcomers'. The plot detail is simply that people arrive in a city. The device is a metaphor: the city is described as a mouth, without 'like' or 'as'. The effect is that the city feels threatening and impersonal, which points toward a theme of how big places can make individuals feel small. Naming the device and the effect is what turns a summary into an analysis.
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The text calls the city 'a hungry mouth that swallowed the newcomers'. This is a metaphor, because the city is named as a mouth directly, with no 'like' or 'as'. The effect is that the place feels predatory and impersonal, and that points to a theme about how a huge city can make a single newcomer feel powerless. I am not just retelling the plot here: I name the device and explain what it does to the reader.
Point at a detail, name the device, then explain its effect.
How point of view changes a scene
Imagine a failed job interview. Told by a first-person narrator, we get only her nervous thoughts and her guess that the panel disliked her, and we cannot be sure she is right. Told by an omniscient narrator, we might learn that the panel actually admired her but had already promised the post to someone else. Same event, very different meaning, purely because of point of view. Spotting this is often the key to a strong reading.
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Because the scene is told in the first person, I only get the narrator's own anxious version, so I cannot trust her guess that the panel disliked her. If an omniscient narrator told the same interview, I might learn they admired her but had already promised the job to someone else. So I would argue that the point of view, not the events, controls how much the reader knows and how we judge the character.
Point of view controls how much the reader is allowed to know.
When you analyse a text you separate three things that beginners often mix up. The plot is what happens. The theme is the underlying idea the text explores, such as freedom, guilt or belonging. The literary devices are the tools the writer uses to get the theme across: metaphor, , , and so on. The useful move in any analysis is to connect a concrete detail to a larger meaning. You point at something specific in the text, name the device, and then explain the effect it has on the reader.
Who tells the story shapes what we are allowed to know. A first-person narrator ('I') is close and limited, and may even be unreliable. An omniscient third-person narrator sees into every character. is the writer's attitude to the subject, carried by word choice: the same event can be told with warmth, with cold detachment or with biting .